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制藥環(huán)境微生物監(jiān)測(cè)怎么做?——國(guó)內(nèi)外法規(guī)要求匯總

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2025-07-04    瀏覽次數(shù):7

在藥品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,醫(yī)藥企業(yè)對(duì)微生物的污染控制負(fù)主體責(zé)任,定期的環(huán)境微生物監(jiān)測(cè)工作對(duì)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的維護(hù)尤為關(guān)鍵,微生物監(jiān)測(cè)包括環(huán)境浮游菌和沉降菌,關(guān)鍵的檢測(cè)臺(tái)面,人員操作服表面及5指手套等的微生物監(jiān)測(cè)。除了微生物監(jiān)測(cè)方法和監(jiān)測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等,本期主要結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外法規(guī)和指南為大家分享環(huán)境微生物的檢測(cè)“頻次”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

中國(guó)藥典2020版9205指導(dǎo)原則

9205“藥品潔凈實(shí)驗(yàn)室微生物監(jiān)測(cè)和控制指導(dǎo)原則”是藥品潔凈實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)微生物監(jiān)測(cè)和控制最重要的參考原則,同時(shí)也成為潔凈廠房相關(guān)參數(shù)制訂的首要依據(jù),9205建議企業(yè)按照表4設(shè)置監(jiān)測(cè)頻次:

推薦的藥品潔凈實(shí)驗(yàn)室的監(jiān)測(cè)頻次及監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目

如果出現(xiàn)連續(xù)超過(guò)糾偏限和警戒限、關(guān)鍵區(qū)域內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)有污染微生物存在、空氣凈化系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行任何重大的維修、消毒規(guī)程改變、設(shè)備有重大維修或增加、潔凈室(區(qū))結(jié)構(gòu)或區(qū)域分布有重大變動(dòng)、引起微生物污染的事故、日常操作記錄反映出傾向性的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)應(yīng)重新評(píng)估監(jiān)測(cè)程序的合理性。

藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室與物料系統(tǒng)

藥品GMP指南在藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量管理規(guī)范中起到重要指導(dǎo)意義,《藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室與物料系統(tǒng)》中,第13章“制藥用水、氣體及實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境、人員的質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)”-13.4“實(shí)驗(yàn)室潔凈區(qū)的環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)”,建議微生物監(jiān)測(cè)頻次參照表13-6

推薦的藥品潔凈實(shí)驗(yàn)室的監(jiān)測(cè)頻次及監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目

取樣頻次根據(jù)以下因素不同而不同:產(chǎn)品的種類及特性、設(shè)備/流程的設(shè)計(jì)、人員活動(dòng)的多少、微生物環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)的歷史數(shù)據(jù)等。頻次的設(shè)定應(yīng)具體情況具體分析、監(jiān)測(cè)頻次設(shè)定的關(guān)鍵是要能反映系統(tǒng)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在以下情況,應(yīng)增加環(huán)境取樣頻率:

? 環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)有上升趨勢(shì)時(shí),應(yīng)增加相應(yīng)區(qū)域的監(jiān)測(cè)位點(diǎn)頻率;
? 安裝新設(shè)備,改造現(xiàn)有設(shè)備時(shí),可增加現(xiàn)有位點(diǎn)的頻率;
? 增加操作人員或操作班次時(shí),根據(jù)操作范圍和時(shí)間增加位點(diǎn)和頻率;
? 改變無(wú)菌操作技術(shù);
? 無(wú)菌實(shí)驗(yàn)和環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)超標(biāo)時(shí),要增加相應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域的環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)頻率。例如,當(dāng)最終產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性結(jié)果時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)室應(yīng)當(dāng)增加環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)頻率。

產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性結(jié)果時(shí),實(shí)驗(yàn)室應(yīng)當(dāng)增加環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)頻率。

如果有歷史數(shù)據(jù)表明監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定,也可適當(dāng)減少頻次。在減少頻次之前,應(yīng)回顧歷史數(shù)據(jù),并且經(jīng)由質(zhì)量保證人員復(fù)核并批準(zhǔn)后方可執(zhí)行。減少頻次之后,應(yīng)定期回顧,以確保該頻次仍適用。

USP <1116> Microbiological Control and Monitoring of Aseptic Processing Environment 美國(guó)藥典無(wú)菌工藝環(huán)境的微生物控制和監(jiān)測(cè)

在USP <1116> Establishment of Sampling Plan and Sites制定取樣方案和取樣區(qū)域的章節(jié)中描述到:

Table 2 suggests frequencies of sampling in decreasing order of frequency and in relation to the criticality or product risk of the area being sampled. This table distinguishes between aseptic processing where personnel are aseptically gowned and those where a lesser gowning is appropriate. Environmental monitoring sampling plans should be flexible with respect to monitoring frequencies, and sample plan locations should be adjusted on the basis of the observed rate of contamination and ongoing risk analysis. On the basis of long-term observations, manufacturers may increase or decrease sampling at a given location or eliminate a sampling location altogether. Oversampling can be as deleterious to contamination control as undersampling, and careful consideration of risk and reduction of contamination sources can guide the sampling intensity.
表2根據(jù)取樣區(qū)域的關(guān)鍵性或產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn),按頻率遞減順序列出了對(duì)應(yīng)的取樣頻率。該表區(qū)分了人員需要穿無(wú)菌服的無(wú)菌工藝操作和需要穿較少無(wú)菌服的無(wú)菌工藝操作。環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)采樣計(jì)劃在監(jiān)測(cè)頻率方面應(yīng)具有靈活性,采樣計(jì)劃的位置應(yīng)根據(jù)觀察到的污染率和持續(xù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析進(jìn)行調(diào)整。根據(jù)長(zhǎng)期觀察結(jié)果,制藥企業(yè)可以增加或減少特定地點(diǎn)的采樣,或完全取消某個(gè)采樣位置。采樣過(guò)多和采樣不足一樣,都會(huì)對(duì)污染控制產(chǎn)生不利影響,因此,仔細(xì)考慮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和減少污染源可為采樣強(qiáng)度提供指導(dǎo)。

Suggested Frequency of Sampling on the Basis of Criticality of Controlled Environment

EU Annex1 Manufacture of Sterile Products歐盟GMP附錄1-《無(wú)菌藥品生產(chǎn)》依據(jù)歐盟GMP附錄1中的第9章節(jié),環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:

9.25 A risk assessment should evaluate the locations, type and frequency of personnel monitoring based on the activities performed and the proximity to critical zones. Monitoring should include sampling of personnel at periodic intervals during the process. Sampling of personnel should be performed in such a way that it will not compromise the process. Particular consideration should be given to monitoring personnel following involvement in critical interventions (at a minimum gloves, but may require monitoring of areas of gown as applicable to the process) and on each exit from the grade B cleanroom (gloves and gown). Where monitoring of gloves is performed after critical interventions, the outer gloves should be replaced prior to continuation of activity. Where monitoring of gowns is required after critical interventions, the gown should be replaced before further activity in the cleanroom.
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估應(yīng)根據(jù)所執(zhí)行的活動(dòng)以及與關(guān)鍵區(qū)域的接近程度,對(duì)人員監(jiān)測(cè)的位置、類型和頻次進(jìn)行評(píng)估。監(jiān)測(cè)應(yīng)包括在工藝過(guò)程中定期進(jìn)行人員監(jiān)測(cè)采樣。人員監(jiān)測(cè)采樣應(yīng)以不影響工藝過(guò)程的方式進(jìn)行。對(duì)于人員監(jiān)測(cè),參與關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后(至少包括手套,但可能需要監(jiān)測(cè)適用于工藝的潔凈服區(qū)城)以及每次離開(kāi) B 級(jí)潔凈室時(shí)(手套和潔凈服),應(yīng)特別考慮。如果在關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后監(jiān)測(cè)手套,則應(yīng)在繼續(xù)活動(dòng)之前更換外層手套。如果在關(guān)鍵干預(yù)操作后需要監(jiān)測(cè)潔凈服,則應(yīng)在潔凈室進(jìn)一步活動(dòng)之前更換潔凈服

9.31 (c) It should be noted that for grade A, any growth should result in an investigation.
應(yīng)注意,對(duì)于A級(jí)區(qū),任何生長(zhǎng)都需啟動(dòng)調(diào)查程序

9.31 Microorganisms detected in the grade A and grade B areas should be identified to species level and the potential impact of such microorganisms on product quality (for each batch implicated) and overall state of control should be evaluated. Consideration should also be given to the identification of microorganisms detected in grade C and D areas (for example where action limits or alert levels are exceeded) or following the isolation of organisms that may indicate a loss of control, deterioration in cleanliness or that may be difficult to control such as spore-forming microorganisms and moulds and at a sufficient frequency to maintain a current understanding of the typical flora of these areas.
應(yīng)對(duì)A級(jí)和B級(jí)區(qū)檢出的微生物進(jìn)行鑒定,并應(yīng)評(píng)估此類微生物對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量(涉及的每個(gè)批次)和整體受控狀態(tài)的潛在影響。還應(yīng)考慮對(duì)C級(jí)和D級(jí)區(qū)檢出的微生物進(jìn)行鑒定(例如,超出行動(dòng)限或警戒水平),或在分離出可能表明失控、潔凈度惡化的微生物或難以控制的微生物(例如可形成孢子的微生物和霉菌)后進(jìn)行鑒定,并以足夠的頻率保持對(duì)這些區(qū)域的典型菌群的最新了解。

《藥品GMP指南-無(wú)菌制劑》

在《藥品GMP指南-無(wú)菌制劑》14.4環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估章節(jié)-監(jiān)測(cè)頻率評(píng)估中提到,潔凈區(qū)取樣頻率采用的是隨區(qū)域重要性遞減(如關(guān)鍵區(qū)域、關(guān)鍵區(qū)域的鄰近區(qū)域、其他非鄰近區(qū)域等)或隨取樣產(chǎn)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遞減而漸減的原則,并在表14-21提供了實(shí)例分析:

某公司無(wú)菌工藝生產(chǎn)潔凈環(huán)境的常規(guī)取樣頻率和監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目

綜合上述法規(guī)和指南,有一部分關(guān)于取樣頻率的要求,但還有一些工藝流程的監(jiān)測(cè)頻率,在各個(gè)工廠里會(huì)有很大差異,這取決于對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分析。這些分析包括但不限于:生產(chǎn)工藝或產(chǎn)品的類型、設(shè)施或工藝的設(shè)計(jì)、人為干預(yù)因素的數(shù)量、是否使用最終滅菌(包括無(wú)菌測(cè)試放行、參數(shù)放行)和微生物環(huán)境的歷史數(shù)據(jù)。沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)單一的取樣方案適用于所有環(huán)境。

同時(shí),隨著季節(jié)的變化,微生物的檢出數(shù)量可能會(huì)發(fā)生變化,設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的取樣頻率計(jì)劃應(yīng)以能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些變化,進(jìn)而持續(xù)改善。選擇監(jiān)測(cè)頻率的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)是能夠識(shí)別潛在的對(duì)產(chǎn)品造成污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的系統(tǒng)缺陷。頻率改變后,需要定期復(fù)核數(shù)據(jù)以證明改變的取樣頻率是否仍舊合理。

參考資料
[1] 國(guó)家藥典委員會(huì).中華人民共和國(guó)藥典2020年版第四部,9205《藥品潔凈室實(shí)驗(yàn)室微生物監(jiān)測(cè)和控制指導(dǎo)原則》. 北京:中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科技出版社, 2020
[2] 國(guó)家藥品監(jiān)督管理局食品藥品審核查驗(yàn)中心. 藥品GMP指南-質(zhì)量控制實(shí)驗(yàn)室與物料系統(tǒng). 北京:中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2023.
[3] USP Microbiological Control and Monitoring of Aseptic Processing Environments
[4] EU Annex1 Manufacture of Sterile Products
[5] 國(guó)家藥品監(jiān)督管理局食品藥品審核查驗(yàn)中心. 藥品GMP指南-無(wú)菌制劑. 北京:中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2023.

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